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Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional
Oleh : DR. Makarim Wibisono Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta 8 Juni 2012
Praktek Pelajaran Eko. Internasional:
Perdagangan internasional : membutuhkan mengambil ekonomi mikro terdahulu. Aspek mikro meliputi jual beli secara internasional. Dalam ekonomi mikro mencakup faktor pasar hasil produksi dan pasar faktor produksi. Keuangan Internasional dan Investasi: membutuhkan ekonomi makro karena menyangkut masalah uang, bank dan lalu lintas modal.
Bedanya dengan ekonomi nasional:
Immobilitas faktor produksi:
Lingkungan eksternal berbeda:
• tenaga kerja, alat atau mesin serta modal.
• sistim sospol, sistim ekonomi, sistim perbankan, kebudayaan termasuk bahasa.
Factor endowment • berbeda sehingga harga barang juga berbeda.
Perdagangan Internasional
The Mercantilists : nation building
David Ricardo: comparative advantage
Adam Smith: free trade
Faktor Proporsi (Hecksher & Ohlin)
Faktor price equalization (P. Samuelson)
Partial Theory
The Mercantilists: Nation Building A Group of early economists called the mercantilists, who were active in the period 1500-1800. They believed that a country should always export more than it imports, thereby gaining gaining what they called “treasure”-silver and goldfrom other countries.
An influx of treasure was supposed to stimulate economic activity and provide the revenue necessary to build a stronger nation.
The Mercantilists preference
Is defined as the difference between the value of exports and the value of imports in a specified period ( a month, quarter, or year ). By convention the BOT is said to be favorable when exports exceed imports in value.
Adam Smith (1723-1790) : Free Trade
He argued that the wealth of a nation would expand most rapidly if the government would abandon mercantilistic controls over domestic and foreign economic activities and permit consumers and producers greater freedom to follow their own selfinterests. Each nation would imports goods from the cheapest overseas source, and would in turn exports those products in which it had a price advantage.
Liberal perspective Considerable efficiency gains arise as each nation specializes in those goods it can produce most cheaply within a system of international division of labor.
Laissez-faire
The principle that that government should minimize its role in the economy, confining itself to the maintenance of law and order, defense, and a few public services.
Absolute Advantage Tenaga kerja yg diperlukan per unit: AS
UK
Gandum
8
10
Pakaian
4
2
David Ricardo: Comparative Advantage
David Ricardo (1772-1823) in his “Principles of Political Economy” (1817). Even the least efficient, highestcost nation in the world could benefit from trade.
Comparative Cost Hari kerja yg dipakai untuk memproduksi: Anggur (1 botol)
Pakaian (1 yard)
Portugis
3 hari
4 hari
UK
6 hari
5 hari
Portugis utk anggur 3/6 < 4/5 or 3/4 < 6/5 Inggris utk pakaian 5/4 < 6/3 or 5/6
Praktek Pelajaran Eko. Internasional:
Perdagangan internasional : membutuhkan mengambil ekonomi mikro terdahulu. Aspek mikro meliputi jual beli secara internasional. Dalam ekonomi mikro mencakup faktor pasar hasil produksi dan pasar faktor produksi. Keuangan Internasional dan Investasi: membutuhkan ekonomi makro karena menyangkut masalah uang, bank dan lalu lintas modal.
Bedanya dengan ekonomi nasional:
Immobilitas faktor produksi:
Lingkungan eksternal berbeda:
• tenaga kerja, alat atau mesin serta modal.
• sistim sospol, sistim ekonomi, sistim perbankan, kebudayaan termasuk bahasa.
Factor endowment • berbeda sehingga harga barang juga berbeda.
Perdagangan Internasional
The Mercantilists : nation building
David Ricardo: comparative advantage
Adam Smith: free trade
Faktor Proporsi (Hecksher & Ohlin)
Faktor price equalization (P. Samuelson)
Partial Theory
The Mercantilists: Nation Building A Group of early economists called the mercantilists, who were active in the period 1500-1800. They believed that a country should always export more than it imports, thereby gaining gaining what they called “treasure”-silver and goldfrom other countries.
An influx of treasure was supposed to stimulate economic activity and provide the revenue necessary to build a stronger nation.
The Mercantilists preference
Is defined as the difference between the value of exports and the value of imports in a specified period ( a month, quarter, or year ). By convention the BOT is said to be favorable when exports exceed imports in value.
Adam Smith (1723-1790) : Free Trade
He argued that the wealth of a nation would expand most rapidly if the government would abandon mercantilistic controls over domestic and foreign economic activities and permit consumers and producers greater freedom to follow their own selfinterests. Each nation would imports goods from the cheapest overseas source, and would in turn exports those products in which it had a price advantage.
Liberal perspective Considerable efficiency gains arise as each nation specializes in those goods it can produce most cheaply within a system of international division of labor.
Laissez-faire
The principle that that government should minimize its role in the economy, confining itself to the maintenance of law and order, defense, and a few public services.
Absolute Advantage Tenaga kerja yg diperlukan per unit: AS
UK
Gandum
8
10
Pakaian
4
2
David Ricardo: Comparative Advantage
David Ricardo (1772-1823) in his “Principles of Political Economy” (1817). Even the least efficient, highestcost nation in the world could benefit from trade.
Comparative Cost Hari kerja yg dipakai untuk memproduksi: Anggur (1 botol)
Pakaian (1 yard)
Portugis
3 hari
4 hari
UK
6 hari
5 hari
Portugis utk anggur 3/6 < 4/5 or 3/4 < 6/5 Inggris utk pakaian 5/4 < 6/3 or 5/6